HTML email's inline CSS keeps getting stripped when displayed in Yahoo and Gmail -

I am creating an HTML email and testing it by sending it through Outlook. However, Gmail or Yahoo! Mail inline styles when viewed in is being snoozed from email without the display: block style, the images are displayed with intervals in between.

Valid codes with any errors.

Do anyone have any suggestions?

I think the approach is actually to be separated before sending it. Or they may not be able to understand some Gmail / Yahoo cover. Try testing with a device such as

, then let me know that it is still happening.